AGREEMENT-BASED ECONOMIC CONTRACTS: A REVIEW OF CIVIL LAW LITERATURE ON SALES CONTRACTS, MONEY LENDING, AND LEASING IN THE DIGITAL AGE
Keywords:
Economic agreements, Civil law, Digital contracts, E-commerce sales, Fintech lending, PropTech, Civil Code, ITE Law, Smart contracts, Consumer protectionAbstract
The digital era has revolutionised agreement-based economic contracts in Indonesian civil law, transforming conventional sales contracts into e-commerce, money lending into fintech lending, and leasing into PropTech. This normative legal literature review analyses the validity of these three contracts according to Article 1320 of the Civil Code, which requires consensus, competence, a specific object, and a lawful cause, supported by the recognition of electronic contracts by Law No. 1 of 2024 on Information and Electronic Transactions. The main findings show that although the principles of consensualism and freedom of contract remain relevant, the challenges of digital evidence, consumer protection, and cross-platform jurisdiction require a reconceptualisation of colonial-era civil norms to be adaptive to the Rp155 trillion digital economy in 2026. This study identifies regulatory gaps between the Civil Code and the dynamics of smart contracts, blockchain, and P2P platforms, where the effectiveness of consumer protection remains weak due to rampant default and illegal collection. Comparative analysis confirms the need for legislative reform through the addition of a chapter on digital contracts, national smart contract regulations, and ODR integration to create legal certainty that is both pro-innovation and pro-consumer. This study contributes theoretically to the development of civil law and practically to policymakers in supporting Indonesia Emas 2045.
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