DATA SOVEREIGNTY VS. OPEN INNOVATION: A LITERATURE REVIEW OF DIGITAL ECONOMY REGULATION IN THE ERA OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND THE GREEN ECONOMY
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20199425Keywords:
data sovereignty, open innovation, digital economy regulation, artificial intelligence, green economy, Personal Data Protection Act, AI sovereignty, data localisation, regulatory sandbox, Indonesia Emas 2045Abstract
This article examines the structural tension between data sovereignty and open innovation in the regulation of the digital economy in the era of artificial intelligence (AI) and the green economy, using a systematic literature review approach. Data sovereignty, as enshrined in Indonesia’s Personal Data Protection Act (PDP), protects national strategic assets from exploitation by global platforms, yet hinders access to essential datasets for the development of AI models and green technology collaboration. Conversely, the open innovation paradigm, through regulatory sandboxes and open data policies, drives the digital economy target of Rp4,500 trillion (2030), but risks a brain drain of domestic data. A comparative analysis of the EU, US and China reveals a trade-off between protective regulation and market-driven approaches, whilst the Indonesian context demands a hybrid governance model: limited data localisation combined with trusted data-sharing frameworks. Recommendations include the 2026 Presidential Regulation on AI, strengthening cloud sovereignty, and a Digital Sovereignty Index to realise contextual AI that is sovereign, innovative, and sustainable, paving the way for Indonesia Emas 2045.
Downloads
References
Act, E. A. I. (2024). The eu artificial intelligence act. European Union. https://www.wsgr.com/a/web/qrkz1SnNzWw6nk7B3oAyDa/10-things-you-should-know-about-the-eu-artificial-intelligence-act_v2.pdf
Brynjolfsson, E., & McAfee, A. (2014). The Second Machine Age: Work Progress And Prosperity In A Time Of Brilliant Technologies. W. W. Norton & Company.
Chesbrough, H. (2020). To recover faster from Covid-19, open up: Managerial implications from an open innovation perspective. Industrial Marketing Management, 88, 410–413. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indmarman.2020.04.010
Eliyah, E., & Aslan, A. (2025). STAKE’S EVALUATION MODEL: METODE PENELITIAN. Prosiding Seminar Nasional Indonesia, 3(2), Article 2.
Hallinan, D., De Hert, P., & Leenes, R. (2021). Data Protection and Privacy. 1–336.
Kaplan, A., & Haenlein, M. (2019). Siri, Siri, in my hand: Who’s the fairest in the land? On the interpretations, illustrations, and implications of artificial intelligence. Business Horizons, 62(1), 15–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2018.08.004
Purbasari, R., Munajat, E., Fauzan, F., & Hakim, M. A. (2025). Model of Digital Collaboration Network in Digital Innovation Context: Social Network Analysis Approach. Review of Integrative Business and Economics Research, 14(1), 614–633.
Qoiriyah, M., Pramesti, S. C., & Wulandari, F. (2024). Green Economy: Solusi Inklusif untuk Tantangan Lingkungan dan Sosial. Prosiding Seminar NasIonal Pembangunan Ekonomi Berkelanjutan Dan Riset Ilmu Sosial, 1(1), 47–56.
Septiari, N., & Ujianti, N. M. P. (2025). Kekuatan hukum perjanjian elektronik dalam perspektif KUH Perdata dan UU ITE. Indonesian Journal of Law and Justice, 2(4), 10–10.
Siallagan, A. D., Diana, H. S., Fitriya, N. I., Nurhuda, P. M., Oktaviany, V., Luginasari, Y., & Sukaesih, N. S. (2025). REVOLUSI KESEHATAN DIGITAL MELALUI TEKNOLOGI BIG DATA DALAM APLIKASI MOBILE JKN: RAPID REVIEW. Bhamada: Jurnal Ilmu Dan Teknologi Kesehatan (E-Journal), 16(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.36308/jik.v16i1.768
Snyder, H. (2019). Literature review as a research methodology: An overview and guidelines. Journal of Business Research, 104, 333–339. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.07.039
Supeno, S., Rosmidah, R., & Iqbal, S. M. U. (2025). Personal Data Protection in Review of Legal Theories and Principles. Journal of Law and Legal Reform, 6(3), 1349–1376. https://doi.org/10.15294/jllr.v6i3.10252
Sylviana, G., Maharani, D. P., & Wibowo, A. M. (2025). Keabsahan Praktik Dark Patterns Terhadap Pemerolehan Persetujuan Pemrosesan Data Pribadi di Indonesia. RechtJiva. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Afrizal-Wibowo/publication/392514975_Keabsahan_Praktik_Dark_Patterns_Terhadap_Pemerolehan_Persetujuan_Pemrosesan_Data_Pribadi_di_Indonesia/links/6846645fd1054b0207fab3bd/Keabsahan-Praktik-Dark-Patterns-Terhadap-Pemerolehan-Persetujuan-Pemrosesan-Data-Pribadi-di-Indonesia.pdf
Tommy, S., & Nasution, M. I. P. (2025). EVALUASI MANAJEMEN RISIKO KEAMANAN SIBER PADA INFRASTRUKTUR DIGITAL PEMERINTAH: STUDI KASUS PUSAT DATA NASIONAL (PDN). Jurnal Manajemen Ekonomi dan Bisnis, 4(1), 1–26. (Studi kasus dokumentasi tanpa responden individu). https://doi.org/10.61715/jmeb.v4i1.104
Truli, E. (2018). The General Data Protection Regulation and Civil Liability. In M. Bakhoum, B. Conde Gallego, M.-O. Mackenrodt, & G. Surblytė-Namavičienė (Eds.), Personal Data in Competition, Consumer Protection and Intellectual Property Law: Towards a Holistic Approach? (pp. 303–329). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-57646-5_12
Ventura, M., & Coeli, C. M. (2018). Beyond privacy: The right to health information, personal data protection, and governance. Cadernos de Saúde Pública, 34, e00106818. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311X00106818
Versaci, G. (2018). Personal Data and Contract Law: Challenges and Concerns about the Economic Exploitation of the Right to Data Protection. European Review of Contract Law, 14(4), 374–392. https://doi.org/10.1515/ercl-2018-1022
Votto, A. M., Valecha, R., Najafirad, P., & Rao, H. R. (2021). Artificial Intelligence in Tactical Human Resource Management: A Systematic Literature Review. International Journal of Information Management Data Insights, 1(2), 100047. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jjimei.2021.100047
Xiaying, M. (2019). The Legal Attributes of Electronic Data and the Positioning of Data in Civil Law*. Social Sciences in China, 40(1), 82–99. https://doi.org/10.1080/02529203.2018.1519208
Yu, X., & Zhao, Y. (2019). Dualism in data protection: Balancing the right to personal data and the data property right. Computer Law & Security Review, 35(5), 105318. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clsr.2019.04.001
Yudha, Sahril, I., & Atmadja3, D. A. R. W. (2025). Perlindungan Data Pribadi Konsumen, Dokumen dan Tanda Tangan Elektronik yang Dipergunakan oleh Pihak Ketiga dalam Transaksi E-Commerce. CENDEKIA : Jurnal Penelitian Dan Pengkajian Ilmiah, 2(2), 173–189. https://doi.org/10.62335/cendekia.v2i2.897
Zheng, Z., Xie, S., Dai, H.-N., Chen, X., & Wang, H. (2018). Blockchain challenges and opportunities: A survey. International Journal of Web and Grid Services, 14(4), 352–375. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJWGS.2018.095647
Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 27 Tahun 2022 tentang Perlindungan Data Pribadi. (2022).
