INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FINANCIAL ECONOMICS
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FINANCIAL ECONOMICS (IJEFE) E-ISSN 3063-3648 is a scientific journal that publishes articles in the field of Business and finance that contain conceptual ideas in the fields of Economics, Accounting, Management, Business and finance. The scope is Human Resource Management, Marketing Management, Financial Management, Production/Operational Management, Strategic Management, Islamic Business Management, Halal Industry Management, Hajj and Umrah Management, Zakat and Waqf Management / Islamic Philanthropy, Tourism Management, Banking Management, Industrial Management, Agribusiness Management, Business Administration and financial management within the scope of organisations both banking, hospitality, and others. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FINANCIAL ECONOMICS (IJEFE) is published once a month and serves as a peer-reviewed journal specialising in field research and literature reviews related to Economics, Accounting, Management, business and finance. All submitted articles will be reviewed by the Editor, editorial board, and blind reviewers. Submissions that violate formatting or length guidelines will be rejected without review
FROM TEACHING PROVIDERS TO KNOWLEDGE ENGINES: TRANSFORMING PRIVATE HIGHER EDUCATION IN ACEH AMID THE ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE REVOLUTION
The rapid advancement of Artificial Intelligence (AI) is fundamentally reshaping the global landscape of higher education, challenging established business models and modes of knowledge delivery. In Indonesia, Private Higher Education Institutions (PHEIs) serve a critical role in expanding access, yet they remain structurally vulnerable due to heavy reliance on tuition fees and a prevailing focus on instruction over inquiry. This article examines the existential challenges facing PHEIs, with specific focus on the post‑conflict, resource‑rich but economically constrained context of Aceh. It argues that the traditional model of “teaching factories” is no longer viable in an era where AI democratises information access. Instead, PHEIs must undergo a paradigm shift to become Knowledge Engines: institutions that treat research, faculty development, and community engagement as strategic investments rather than operational costs. Drawing on recent global literature and local contextual analysis, the study proposes a four‑pillar framework comprising problem‑centred local research, faculty empowerment as knowledge producers, integrated curricula, and strategic partnership development. The analysis demonstrates that by leveraging AI not merely for efficiency but to unlock local data and contextual insights, PHEIs can build unique competitive advantages that large public universities cannot easily replicate. This transformation is not only essential for institutional survival but also vital for ensuring that higher education contributes meaningfully to regional development, cultural preservation, and intellectual independence in Aceh and across Indonesia.
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THE EFFECTIVENESS OF FIXED ASSET MANAGEMENT IN SUPPORTING ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE: EVIDENCE FROM THE REGIONAL SECRETARIAT OF KENDARI CITY
This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of fixed asset management in supporting organizational performance at the Regional Secretariat of Kendari City. The study employed a qualitative approach using a descriptive method. Data were collected through observation, interviews, and documentation studies involving informants selected through purposive sampling, namely the Asset Manager of the Regional Secretariat of Kendari City and staff responsible for regional asset management. Data analysis was conducted through the stages of data collection, data reduction, data display, and conclusion drawing. The results indicate that fixed asset management at the Regional Secretariat of Kendari City has been implemented through eight stages: asset needs planning, asset procurement, asset inventory, asset legal audit, asset valuation, asset maintenance, asset disposal, and asset transfer. Overall, the implementation of fixed asset management has been carried out effectively and in accordance with applicable regulations and procedures, referring to the asset management theory proposed by Gima A. Sugiama. The effectiveness of fixed asset management is reflected in the availability of facilities and infrastructure that support the implementation of organizational duties and functions, the optimal maintenance of assets, and the improvement of efficiency and smoothness in organizational operations. However, several challenges remain, particularly in asset data management and the updating of asset information, which require further attention to enhance the quality of asset management in the future.
A LEGAL REVIEW OF GOVERNMENT REGULATION NO. 34 OF 2019 ON BORDER TRADE IN RELATION TO LEGAL PROTECTION FOR INDONESIA’S BORDER COMMUNITIES
Indonesia’s border regions require clear legal regulations to ensure certainty and protection for the communities living in these areas. This study aims to critically analyse Government Regulation No. 34 of 2019 on Border Trade in the context of legal protection for Indonesia’s border communities. The research method employs a normative legal approach, utilising legislative and conceptual analyses. The findings indicate that Government Regulation No. 34 of 2019 has provided a comprehensive regulatory framework establishing the legal subjects, locations, administrative requirements, types of goods, and transaction values for border trade. This regulation provides preventive legal protection by affirming the rights of border communities to engage in trade, establishing official border crossing routes, and regulating immigration and customs documentation—which are prerequisites for the legality of economic activities. However, the effectiveness of this legal protection remains limited, as the implementation of the regulation on the ground faces challenges such as inter-agency coordination issues, resource constraints, and poor public access to public services. This study recommends the need for a holistic and synergistic approach involving central and local governments, the enhancement of border infrastructure capacity, legal awareness programmes for the community, and a shift in policy orientation from security to the fulfilment of constitutional rights and the welfare of border communities.
A LEGAL ANALYSIS AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACT OF ONLINE LENDING (FINTECH LENDING) IN INDONESIA: A LITERATURE REVIEW
The development of financial technology in Indonesia, particularly information technology-based financing services (fintech lending), has experienced exponential growth but has also brought about serious consequences regarding legal aspects and socio-economic impacts. This study aims to analyse the effectiveness of fintech lending regulations in protecting consumers and to identify the positive and negative socio-economic impacts of online lending practices in Indonesia. The research method employed a literature review using a normative and conceptual approach. The findings indicate that although Indonesia has a comprehensive legal framework comprising the Consumer Protection Act, the Personal Data Protection Act, and OJK regulations relating to fintech lending, implementation and enforcement still face serious challenges, particularly in the enforcement of laws against illegal fintech operations, the protection of personal data, and unethical debt collection practices. From a socio-economic perspective, fintech lending has positive impacts in the form of increased financial inclusion and access to finance for MSMEs, but it also gives rise to significant negative impacts such as over-indebtedness, debt traps, psychological pressure, reduced productivity, social stigma, and even the risk of mental health issues and suicide. The gap between the objectives of financial inclusion and the reality on the ground is clearly evident in the dominance of consumer finance over productive finance, as well as the surge in cases of illegal online lending, which continues to rise despite tighter regulations. This study recommends strengthening coordination between regulatory bodies, more rigorous law enforcement against illegal fintech, improving public financial and legal literacy, and strict oversight of personal data protection so that fintech lending can function as a means of economic empowerment without compromising legal certainty and social welfare.
AN ANALYSIS OF INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC LAW ON THE SETTLEMENT OF TRADE DISPUTES WITHIN THE WTO FRAMEWORK
International trade is a cornerstone of the modern global economy; however, differences in trade policy and protectionism often trigger disputes between countries that have the potential to disrupt the smooth flow of international trade. The World Trade Organisation (WTO), established in 1995, plays a central role in creating a rules-based multilateral trade governance system through the dispute settlement mechanism set out in the Dispute Settlement Understanding (DSU). This study aims to analyse the trade dispute settlement mechanism within the WTO framework and to identify implementation challenges and the need for reform from the perspective of international economic law. The research method employs a qualitative literature review using a juridical-normative approach. The findings indicate that the WTO’s dispute settlement mechanism provides legal certainty through a compulsory quasi-judicial system comprising a 60-day consultation phase, the formation of a panel within 6–9 months, an appeal to the Appellate Body within 90 days, and the implementation of the ruling. However, this system faces a serious existential crisis regarding the paralysis of the Appellate Body since December 2019 due to the United States’ refusal to appoint new members, which creates legal uncertainty and undermines the winning party’s right to enforce its rights. The imbalance of power between developed and developing countries, the difficulties in enforcing rulings against countries with dominant economic power, and the limited retaliatory capacity of developing countries reveal the structural weaknesses of the compliance mechanism. Reform of the WTO dispute settlement system is a priority, covering the review of appeals, the speed of proceedings, compliance rights, and capacity building. The Multilateral Provisional Appeal Arbitration (MPIA) arrangement promoted by the European Union provides an alternative dispute settlement mechanism to overcome deadlocks in the Appellate Body. This study emphasises the importance of institutional reform to ensure that the WTO remains a cornerstone of the global trading system.
AN EVALUATION OF SUPPLY CHAIN RESILIENCE STRATEGIES IN RESPONDING TO GLOBAL DISRUPTIONS IN THE MANUFACTURING AND DISTRIBUTION SECTORS
Global disruptions such as the COVID-19 pandemic, geopolitical conflicts and logistics crises have caused significant disruption to industrial supply chains and global distribution. This study aims to evaluate supply chain resilience strategies in the face of global disruptions in the industrial and distribution sectors using a literature review approach. The research findings indicate that supply chain resilience comprises four key dimensions: robustness, flexibility, agility, and redundancy, with determining factors including digital capability, supply chain visibility, collaboration, supplier diversification, and government policy support. Evaluation strategies encompass redundancy, operational flexibility, digitalisation, collaboration, and regionalisation, with performance indicators including time to recover, fill rate, service level, cost efficiency, and supply continuity. The manufacturing sector requires capacity redundancy and flexible production, whilst the distribution sector requires routing flexibility and transport optimisation. Companies implementing adaptive strategies experienced a 30% reduction in disruption impacts, with supplier diversification reducing disruption time by 25% and digital adoption improving demand forecasting by 35%. Practical implications provide guidance for practitioners in developing adaptive strategies, with recommendations for further research focusing on AI-blockchain integration, green resilient supply chains, and standardised resilience indicators.
ANALYSIS OF BUSINESS OPPORTUNITIES IN AN EFFORTS TO INCREASE COMMUNITY INCOME IN THE MARINA TOGO MOWONDU TOURISM AREA, WANGI-WANGI DISTRICT, WAKATOBI REGENCY
This study aims to analyze business opportunities in an effort to enhance community income in the Marina Togo Mowondu tourism area, Wangi-Wangi District, Wakatobi Regency. This research employs a qualitative descriptive approach, using data collection techniques such as in- depth interviews, observations, and document analysis. The participants involved in this study included local business operators, tourists, and relevant stakeholders. Data analysis was conducted using the Miles and Huberman interactive model, consisting of data reduction, data display, and conclusion drawing. The findings indicate that the Marina Togo Mowondu tourism area possesses significant business potential in the culinary sector, souvenirs trade, transportation services, and tourism-based creative industries. The availability of natural tourism attractions, the increasing number of tourist visits, and active community participation serve as supporting factors for the development of these business opportunities. However, several constraints were identified, including infrastructure limitations, inadequate business management skills, and a lack of promotional strategies. Therefore, community capacity building, infrastructure improvement, and the optimization of digital marketing are required to foster business growth and ensure a sustainable increase in community income.
INTEGRATION OF DIGITAL INNOVATION IN HIGHER EDUCATION MANAGEMENT TO SUPPORT THE ACHIEVEMENT OF SDGs 4 (QUALITY EDUCATION): A STUDY OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF A MODEL TO IMPROVE ACADEMIC COMPETITIVENESS IN THE ERA OF SOCIETY 5.0
The development of digital technology has driven significant changes in various sectors, including higher education. Universities are required to adapt to technological developments to improve the quality of governance, learning processes, and academic competitiveness at the national and global levels. In the context of the Society 5.0 era, the integration of digital innovation in higher education management is a crucial strategy for creating a more adaptive, efficient, and community-oriented education system. This study aims to analyze the integration of digital innovation in higher education management and develop a management transformation model capable of enhancing the academic competitiveness of universities. This research is also directed at supporting the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), specifically SDG 4 on quality education, which emphasizes the importance of improving the quality of education through innovation and technology. The research method used is a mixed methods approach, namely a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods. The quantitative approach is used to examine the relationship between the variables of digital innovation integration in management and increased academic competitiveness through surveys of lecturers, education staff, and university leaders. Meanwhile, the qualitative approach is carried out through in-depth interviews and document analysis to gain a more comprehensive understanding of the practice of digital innovation-based higher education management transformation. The expected outcome of this research is the identification of key factors influencing the successful integration of digital innovation into higher education management and the development of a conceptual model that can be used as a reference for improving the academic competitiveness of higher education institutions in the Society 5.0 era. In addition to providing theoretical contributions to the development of higher education management science, this research is also expected to provide strategic recommendations for policymakers in designing more innovative, adaptive, and sustainable higher education governance.
STRENGTHENING THE MSME FINANCING ECOSYSTEM THROUGH SUSTAINABLE FUNDING ACCESS STRATEGIES IN SOUTH KONAWE REGENCY
This study aims to analyze strategies for strengthening the financing ecosystem of Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) through sustainable financing access in Konawe Selatan Regency. The primary issue addressed is the limited accessibility of formal financing faced by rural entrepreneurs amid the demands of Indonesia's national green economic transition. This research employed a qualitative approach using a case study method. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews with 20 key informants, including MSME actors, regulators, and banking representatives, supported by participatory field observations and policy document analysis. The findings reveal four major themes: business legality constraints as the primary structural barrier, low financial literacy related to Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) principles, the strategic role of Village-Owned Enterprises (BUMDes) as local financial intermediary institutions, and challenges in adapting financial technology in areas with limited infrastructure. These findings contribute to the development of a community-based financial ecosystem model. The study concludes that strengthening the financing ecosystem requires policy synergy to facilitate MSME formalization and the development of inclusive green microfinance products. Practical implications include the need to enhance the managerial capacity of BUMDes and simplify licensing bureaucracy at the regional level. Future studies are recommended to quantitatively examine the effectiveness of this partnership model across broader regional contexts.
BEYOND TOURISM: HOW DIGITAL NOMADS DRIVE STRONGER LOCAL BUSINESS GROWTH IN URBAN BALI?
Background: Digital nomadism in urban areas in Bali becomes more and more defined as the practice of nomads being economically embedded within the economy rather than tourists. Objective: In this regard, this research seeks to investigate the influence of digital nomadism on local business development in the case of the city of Bali by looking into how nomad presence translates into economic gains for the local community. Method: By adopting an explanatory design with a quantitative focus, data from a sample of 150 micro, small and medium enterprises (MSMEs) operating in Canggu, Ubud, and Denpasar were collected. OLS regression analysis is used in order to evaluate the influence of variables such as digital nomad intensity, professional interaction quality, business adaptation strategy, and customer engagement on local business growth. Results: Results suggest that digital nomad intensity has a positive impact on business growth, with customer engagement as a factor having the highest significance. Most importantly, the interaction effect shows that the economic influence is greatly enhanced through high-quality interactions and a well-adapted digitalization strategy, providing better results than tourist inflow. Conclusion: Relationship building and development of the organization’s internal competencies become key aspects of the economic translation of digital nomadism.
FACTORS INFLUENCING THE CAREER INTEREST OF UDAYANA UNIVERSITY ACCOUNTING STUDENTS TOWARDS THE PUBLIC ACCOUNTING PROFESSION
Career interest refers to an internal psychological tendency marked by feelings of attraction, enjoyment, and sustained attention toward a specific occupation without external pressure. One such interest among undergraduate accounting students is pursuing a career as a public accountant, which demands strong academic preparation, professional competence, and long-term commitment through advanced education and certification. This study aims to examine the effects of adversity intelligence, career motivation, economic motivation, professional recognition, and work environment on students’ interest in becoming public accountants at Udayana University. A quantitative approach was employed using a survey method, with data collected through questionnaires distributed to active accounting students from the Class of 2022 and alumni from the Classes of 2020 and 2021. The sample consisted of 168 respondents selected through purposive sampling. Data were analyzed using multiple linear regression, supported by classical assumption tests, model feasibility (F-test), coefficient of determination (R²), and hypothesis testing (t-test) with SPSS software. The findings reveal that adversity intelligence, economic motivation, and work environment positively influence career interest, while career motivation and professional recognition show no significant effect.
DETERMINANTS OF INDONESIA’S SUGAR IMPORT VOLUME
Sugar is one of the strategic food commodities in Indonesia that plays an important role in fulfilling household consumption needs as well as serving as a raw material for the food and beverage industry. However, relatively low domestic sugar production has not been able to meet national demand, causing the government to continue importing sugar to maintain the availability of domestic sugar supplies. The high volume of sugar imports is driven by fluctuating international sugar prices, continuous population growth, and exchange rate fluctuations. This study aims to analyze the effect of international sugar prices, population size, and the United States dollar exchange rate on the volume of Indonesia’s refined sugar imports. This study employed a quantitative approach with an associative research design and utilized time series data covering the period 1994–2024. The study consisted of 31 observations. The data used were secondary data obtained from various official sources such as the World Bank, the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), the United Nations (UN), and relevant government institutions. The analytical technique applied was multiple linear regression analysis using the Ordinary Least Square (OLS) approach processed through SPSS software. The results indicate that international sugar prices, population size, and the United States dollar exchange rate simultaneously have a significant effect on Indonesia’s sugar import volume. Partially, international sugar prices have a negative and significant effect on Indonesia’s sugar import volume. Population size has a positive and significant effect on Indonesia’s sugar import volume, while the United States dollar exchange rate has a negative but insignificant effect on Indonesia’s sugar import volume. The implications of this study suggest that, first, since international prices affect sugar import volume, the government needs to improve sugarcane sector productivity and maintain the stability of domestic sugar supplies in order to suppress domestic prices and reduce import dependency. Second, population growth should be accompanied by improvements in agricultural technology and agricultural productivity to balance increasing demand. Third, exchange rate stability should remain under the authority of the central bank, considering its close relation to international transactions.
FISCAL DECENTRALIZATION AND LOCAL BUSINESS DEVELOPMENT: THE ROLE OF REGIONAL TAX POLICIES IN ECONOMIC GROWTH
This study aims to analyze the impact of fiscal decentralization on local business development through the implementation of regional tax policies to encourage economic growth. Fiscal decentralization provides greater authority to regional governments in managing revenue sources and determining fiscal policies according to the characteristics of their respective regions. In the context of regional economic development, regional tax policies are a strategic instrument that can create a conducive business climate, increase investment, expand employment opportunities, and strengthen local economic competitiveness. This study uses a literature review method by examining various scientific articles, academic books, policy reports, and previous research results related to fiscal decentralization, regional tax policies, local business development, and economic growth. The results of the study indicate that fiscal decentralization can have a positive impact on regional economic growth when accompanied by effective, transparent, and accountable fiscal governance. Regional tax policies that are proportional and oriented towards business development have been proven to increase local economic activity, particularly in the micro, small, and medium enterprise sector. In addition, the flexibility of regional governments in determining fiscal incentives also contributes to increased investment and economic productivity. However, this study also identified challenges in the form of disparities in fiscal capacity between regions, low effectiveness of regional tax administration, and the potential for excessive tax burdens on businesses. Therefore, synergy between the central and regional governments is needed to formulate adaptive and sustainable fiscal policies to create inclusive and equitable economic growth.
THE MEANING OF FINANCIAL LITERACY AND DIGITAL MARKETING FOR MSMES
Digital transformation has transformed the management and marketing patterns of micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs), yet many MSMEs still face limitations in financial literacy and optimal use of digital marketing. This condition is important to examine because both capabilities influence the efficiency, competitiveness, and sustainability of businesses in Kendari City. This study aims to describe the meaning of financial literacy, digital marketing, and their integration in the business practices of MSMEs in Kendari City. The study used a qualitative phenomenological approach with data collection techniques through in-depth interviews, observation, and documentation of purposively selected informants. Data analysis was conducted using the Miles and Huberman model through data reduction, data presentation, and drawing conclusions. The results show that financial literacy is defined as the ability to manage cash flow, separate personal and business finances, and utilize profits productively. Digital marketing is understood as a means of promotion and market expansion through digital media. The integration of the two strengthens business efficiency, increases competitiveness, and supports the sustainability of MSMEs. The implications of this study emphasize the importance of integrated training between financial literacy and digital marketing for strengthening local MSMEs.
A LEGAL ANALYSIS OF THE ROLE OF ECONOMIC LAW IN SUPPORTING DOMESTIC TRADE IN INDONESIA
This study examines the role of economic law in supporting national trade in Indonesia through a literature review using a normative legal approach. Economic law is positioned as a vital instrument in creating legal certainty, justice, protection for business operators and consumers, and orderliness in national trade activities. The discussion indicates that Law No. 7 of 2014 on Trade serves as the primary foundation for regulating national trade, whilst the development of digital trade and globalisation demands more responsive regulatory adaptation. The findings also confirm that the implementation of economic law still faces a number of challenges, such as regulatory disharmony, weak supervision, infrastructure limitations, and the complexity of electronic-based trade. Therefore, the strengthening of economic law is necessary so that national trade can develop in an orderly, fair, and sustainable manner.
CRITICAL ANALYSIS ON THE PRACTICE AND EFFECTIVENESS OF DIGITAL MARKETING STRATEGIES IN STRENGTHENING MSME BRANDING IN KENDARI CITY
Kendari City's MSMEs, which contribute 60% of local GDP, are facing the challenge of low brand equity due to fragmented digital marketing strategies and weak digital infrastructure in the era of transformation post-pandemic. This study aims analyze critical the practice and effectiveness of digital marketing strategies in strengthening the branding of Kendari MSMEs using a qualitative approach descriptive. Data collected through interview In-depth research with 15 informants (MSME owners, agencies, Cooperative Service officials), observation, and documentation, analyzed using the Miles & Huberman model. The results identified three theme Main factors: strategic fragmentation (80%), cultural-content gap Tolaki (73%), and digital infrastructure bottleneck (93%), hindering the RACE framework and brand associations Aaker (1991). Implications covers training local cultural content and contribute to the marketing roadmap contextual emerging market Indonesia.
TAX RISK MANAGEMENT AND FINANCIAL REPORTING QUALITY
This study aims to comprehensively examine the relationship between tax risk management and financial reporting quality through a literature review approach. In a global context characterized by increasing complexity of tax regulations and demands for transparency of financial information, tax risk management has become a strategic aspect that not only influences fiscal compliance but also impacts the integrity and credibility of corporate financial reports. The method used in this study is a systematic literature review, which categorizes, compares, and synthesizes the results of previous research from various reputable scientific journals. The results indicate that effective tax risk management tends to improve financial reporting quality by reducing fiscal uncertainty, minimizing profit manipulation practices, and strengthening a company's internal oversight mechanisms. Conversely, weak tax risk management has the potential to reduce financial reporting quality due to increased tax aggressiveness and the risk of reporting errors. This study confirms that tax risk management functions not only as a tax compliance tool but also as a crucial instrument in improving the quality of corporate financial information. This study is expected to serve as a reference for further research and as a consideration for regulators and practitioners in strengthening tax governance and financial reporting.
THE IMPACT OF AUDITOR ROTATION ON PUBLIC SECTOR AUDIT QUALITY AND ACCOUNTABILITY
This study aims to analyze the impact of auditor rotation on audit quality and accountability in the public sector through a literature review approach. Auditor rotation is a policy designed to maintain auditor independence and minimize the risk of excessive closeness between the auditor and the audited entity. The research method used is a literature review, examining various scientific sources such as journals, books, and research reports relevant to the topics of auditor rotation, audit quality, and public accountability. The results of the study indicate that auditor rotation has a complex impact on audit quality. On the one hand, auditor rotation can enhance independence and objectivity, potentially improving audit quality and financial reporting transparency. However, on the other hand, auditor rotation can also pose challenges in the form of a loss of auditor-specific knowledge of the audited entity, which in the short term can reduce the efficiency and effectiveness of the audit process. Therefore, auditor rotation needs to be balanced with a sound transition strategy to optimize its benefits to audit quality and accountability.
FRAUD RISK MANAGEMENT IN PUBLIC SECTOR ACCOUNTING: A BEHAVIORAL PERSPECTIVE
This study aims to examine fraud risk management in public sector accounting using a behavioral perspective through a literature review approach. The primary focus of the study is to understand how individual and organizational behavioral factors influence the emergence of fraud risk and the effectiveness of implemented control mechanisms. The method used is a systematic literature review, reviewing various scientific sources such as international journals, academic books, and institutional reports relevant to the topic of fraud risk management and organizational behavior in the public sector. The results of the study indicate that fraud risk is influenced not only by weaknesses in the internal control system but also by behavioral aspects such as pressure, rationalization, and opportunity, as explained in the fraud triangle theory. Furthermore, organizational culture, individual integrity, and ethical leadership play a significant role in preventing and detecting fraud. The research findings also indicate that the implementation of effective fraud risk management requires a holistic approach that integrates technical and behavioral aspects, including increasing ethical awareness, training, and strengthening oversight systems. Thus, the behavioral perspective provides an important contribution to enriching fraud prevention and handling strategies in the public sector.
BEHAVIORAL FACTORS INFLUENCING AUDITOR JUDGMENT IN PUBLIC SECTOR AUDITS
This study aims to analyze behavioral factors that influence auditor judgment in public sector audits through a literature review approach. Auditor judgment is a crucial element in the audit process because it determines the quality of findings, recommendations, and the reliability of audit reports. In the context of the public sector, which is rife with political pressure, accountability demands, and regulatory complexity, behavioral factors are becoming increasingly dominant in shaping auditors' professional decisions. This study integrates findings from various academic literature and relevant empirical research to identify key variables such as cognitive bias, time pressure, auditor experience, professional ethics, independence, and the influence of the organizational environment on auditor judgment. The results indicate that cognitive biases such as overconfidence and anchoring can reduce auditor objectivity in evaluating audit evidence. In addition, time pressure and high workloads tend to encourage auditors to make heuristic decisions, potentially reducing the quality of judgment. On the other hand, auditor experience and competence have been shown to improve the quality of professional judgment, especially in complex audit situations. Ethical and independence factors are also important determinants in maintaining the integrity of auditor judgment, especially in a public sector environment that is vulnerable to external intervention. This study confirms that improving the quality of auditor judgment depends not only on technical aspects but also requires strengthening behavioral aspects through training, an ethical organizational culture, and an effective internal control system.
THE ROLE OF PERCEIVED VALUE IN MEDIATING THE EFFECT OF ATTITUDE TOWARD AR VTO ON REUSE INTENTION(A Study on Cosmetic AR VTO Users in Denpasar City)
The development of augmented reality virtual try-on (AR VTO) technology in the digital cosmetics industry presents both opportunities and challenges in encouraging the sustainable use of this technology by consumers. This study aims to examine the effect of attitude toward AR VTO on reuse intention, the effect of attitude toward AR VTO on perceived value, the effect of perceived value on reuse intention, and the mediating role of perceived value in the relationship between attitude toward AR VTO and reuse intention among cosmetic AR VTO users in Denpasar City. This research is grounded in the Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA) and employs a quantitative approach with data collection conducted through questionnaires distributed to 120 Generation Z respondents in Denpasar City who had previously used cosmetic AR VTO features. The data analysis method used was Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) with the assistance of SmartPLS 4.0 software. The findings indicate that attitude toward AR VTO has a positive and significant effect on reuse intention, attitude toward AR VTO has a positive and significant effect on perceived value, perceived value has a positive and significant effect on reuse intention, and perceived value partially mediates the relationship between attitude toward AR VTO and reuse intention. These findings extend the causal chain of the Theory of Reasoned Action into a belief–attitude–perceived value–intention framework, with rational indicators in attitude and functional value indicators in perceived value emerging as the dominant factors driving the reuse intention of cosmetic AR VTO in Denpasar City.
LABOUR MARKET DYNAMICS AND TOTAL REWARDS STRATEGIES IN COPING WITH ECONOMIC UNCERTAINTY IN 2026
This article analyses the dynamics of the Indonesian labour market in 2026, characterised by economic uncertainty, AI disruption and a demographic dividend, with an unemployment rate of 4.68% yet a 60% dominance of informal employment, and formulates an adaptive total rewards strategy as an organisational response through personalised compensation (a 5.8% pay rise), pay equity, and wellbeing programmes that boost retention by 20% in the VUCA era. Through a systematic literature review, the study reveals a shift from job creation to job upgrading, as well as a transformation of rewards from financial to holistic, data-AI-driven approaches, with practical implications for Indonesian HR practitioners in navigating talent shortages, rising benefit costs, and JKP-ALMP policies. Key contributions include a local-global integrative framework for talent retention and strategic recommendations: allocating 10–15% of the HR budget to reskilling, conducting annual pay equity audits, and fostering public-private collaboration to ensure inclusive growth and regional competitiveness amidst 5% economic stagnation.
DETERMINANTS OF ACCOUNTING STUDENTS’ INTEREST IN BECOMING TAX CONSULTANTS
The low level of interest among accounting students in pursuing a career as tax consultants has become an important issue amid the increasing demand for professional expertise in taxation. This study aims to empirically examine the effects of taxation knowledge, self-efficacy, perception, and work environment on accounting students’ interest in becoming tax consultants. This study employed a quantitative approach with an associative research design and was conducted at the Undergraduate Accounting Study Program, Faculty of Economics and Business, Udayana University. Primary data were collected through questionnaires distributed to 120 students selected using purposive sampling techniques. Data were analyzed using multiple linear regression analysis. The results indicate that taxation knowledge, self-efficacy, perception, and work environment have positive and significant effects on accounting students’ interest in becoming tax consultants. These findings suggest that higher levels of taxation knowledge and self-efficacy, more positive perceptions of the profession, and more conducive perceived work environments are associated with stronger interest among accounting students in pursuing a career as tax consultants. Theoretically, this study reinforces the Theory of Planned Behavior. Practically, the findings provide recommendations for study programs to strengthen practice-based taxation curricula, optimize elective courses in taxation, and facilitate students interested in becoming tax consultants in obtaining tax consultant certifications (tax brevet) through collaboration with training institutions and mentoring programs, thereby enabling students to prepare themselves more comprehensively.
ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL PLANNING ON THE FINANCIAL STABILITY OF PT. CIPTA INOVASI
This study aims to analyse the impact of financial planning on the financial stability of PT. Cipta Inovasi, an innovative technology company focused on the development of digital products. Using a qualitative and quantitative approach, data was collected through an analysis of the company’s annual financial statements from 2018 to 2022, as well as interviews with the financial management team. The analytical methods included financial ratios such as liquidity, solvency, and profitability ratios, as well as long-term financial planning scenario simulations using a cash flow projection model. The research findings indicate that effective financial planning, including investment risk management and diversification of funding sources, has improved the company’s financial stability by 25% over the observation period, primarily through reduced cash flow volatility and an increase in the solvency ratio from 0.45 to 0.62. However, challenges such as fluctuations in the technology market and reliance on venture capital remain potential risks. The study’s conclusions recommend strengthening data-driven financial planning strategies to maintain long-term stability, with practical implications for similar companies in the innovation sector.
BRANDING AND DIGITAL MARKETING STRATEGIES FOR SMES IN BRIDGING THE MARKET GAP BETWEEN URBAN AND RURAL AREAS
This study examines branding and digital marketing strategies as effective solutions for Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) in bridging the market gap between urban and rural areas. Through a literature review, it was found that strengthening brand identity based on local wisdom, authentic storytelling and attractive visual packaging can enhance the competitiveness of rural MSME products in competitive urban markets. These branding strategies create unique differentiation through a unique selling proposition (USP) rooted in local cultural values and natural resources, building consumer trust and long-term loyalty. Meanwhile, digital marketing via social media (Instagram, TikTok), marketplaces (Shopee, Tokopedia), and simple data analytics enables MSMEs to overcome physical infrastructure limitations by gaining real-time access to the national market. The integration of local-modern content strategies, collaboration with local influencers, and the optimisation of digital payment methods such as QRIS have been shown to increase turnover by up to 300% for businesses in remote areas. The synergy between strong branding and digital distribution creates an inclusive ecosystem that empowers the rural economy. Research findings confirm that holistic digital transformation—supported by digital literacy, internet infrastructure, and stakeholder collaboration—not only reduces regional disparities but also contributes to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) through economic equality and the preservation of local culture. Recommendations include mass training programmes, subsidies for rural digital access, and certification of local products to accelerate the national adoption of these strategies.
THE EFFECT OF CUSTOMER INCIVILITY ON WORK ENGAGEMENT, MODERATED BY SELF-EFFICACY(A Study at Prama Sanur Beach Hotel, Bali)
The hospitality industry is characterised by roles involving a high intensity of service interactions; consequently, employees’ psychological engagement in performing their job roles is a crucial factor in maintaining service quality, as reflected in their level of work engagement. This study aims to analyse the effect of customer incivility on work engagement, with self-efficacy serving as a moderating variable. Testing the job demands–resources theory, this study employs a quantitative approach with a causal design. The study population comprises all frontline employees at Hotel Prama Sanur Beach Bali, selected via saturation sampling. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire and analysed using Structural Equation Modelling – Partial Least Squares (SEM-PLS) WarpPLS. The results indicate that customer incivility has a significant negative effect on work engagement. Self-efficacy was found to mitigate the negative impact of customer incivility on work engagement. These findings underscore the importance of strengthening self-efficacy as a personal resource to maintain employee work engagement when facing the emotional demands of the job.
THE EVOLUTION OF MODES AND REGULATORY LOOPHOLES IN ILLEGAL INVESTMENT IN INDONESIA: A SYSTEMATIC LITERATURE REVIEW FOLLOWING THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE INVESTMENT VIGILANCE TASK FORCE 2.0
This study systematically examines the evolution of illegal investment schemes and regulatory loopholes in Indonesia following the establishment of the Investment Vigilance Task Force 2.0, using a systematic literature review (SLR) approach. The findings indicate that illegal investment schemes have shifted from conventional schemes to complex digital forms, ranging from money games, trading bots, fake crypto investments, to social media-based platforms and communication groups. On the other hand, regulations still contain serious loopholes, such as fragmentation of authority among agencies, policy delays in response to technological innovation, weak coordination of law enforcement, and limitations in cross-jurisdictional regulation. This study concludes that a holistic approach is needed, integrating cross-sectoral regulatory strengthening, the utilisation of technology-based regulation, and the improvement of public financial literacy to break the chain of evolution of illegal investment schemes in the SWI 2.0 era.
DATA SOVEREIGNTY VS. OPEN INNOVATION: A LITERATURE REVIEW OF DIGITAL ECONOMY REGULATION IN THE ERA OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND THE GREEN ECONOMY
This article examines the structural tension between data sovereignty and open innovation in the regulation of the digital economy in the era of artificial intelligence (AI) and the green economy, using a systematic literature review approach. Data sovereignty, as enshrined in Indonesia’s Personal Data Protection Act (PDP), protects national strategic assets from exploitation by global platforms, yet hinders access to essential datasets for the development of AI models and green technology collaboration. Conversely, the open innovation paradigm, through regulatory sandboxes and open data policies, drives the digital economy target of Rp4,500 trillion (2030), but risks a brain drain of domestic data. A comparative analysis of the EU, US and China reveals a trade-off between protective regulation and market-driven approaches, whilst the Indonesian context demands a hybrid governance model: limited data localisation combined with trusted data-sharing frameworks. Recommendations include the 2026 Presidential Regulation on AI, strengthening cloud sovereignty, and a Digital Sovereignty Index to realise contextual AI that is sovereign, innovative, and sustainable, paving the way for Indonesia Emas 2045.
FROM POLICY TO PRACTICE: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF INDONESIA’S DIGITAL ECONOMY REGULATIONS FOLLOWING THE PERSONAL DATA PROTECTION ACT AND THE ELECTRONIC INFORMATION AND TRANSACTIONS ACT
Indonesia’s digital economy has undergone an accelerated transformation following the enactment of Law No. 27 of 2022 on Personal Data Protection (PDP Law) and the amendment of Law No. 11 of 2008 on Information and Electronic Transactions (ITE Law) via Law No. 1 of 2024. This systematic review analyses the transformation of normative policies and the realities of regulatory implementation using a literature review method. Key findings highlight progressive regulatory synergy that is, however, hampered by a policy-practice gap, low compliance among businesses (35%), weak institutional coordination within the Personal Data Protection Commission (KPDP), and adaptation costs that burden SMEs. The Tokopedia-Akulaku data breach case study illustrates enforcement challenges, whilst private initiatives such as ‘Privacy by Design’ demonstrate the potential for collaboration. This article recommends accelerating the establishment of the Personal Data Protection Agency (KPDP), harmonising implementing regulations, conducting national digital literacy training, and adopting a multi-stakeholder model to bridge the regulatory-practice gap, thereby supporting the target of the digital economy contributing 25% of GDP by 2029.
Information and Electronic Transactions Act
DIGITAL ECONOMY REGULATION IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES: A SYSTEMATIC LITERATURE REVIEW ON CONSUMER PROTECTION, PLATFORM TAXATION, AND LEGAL CERTAINTY IN CRYPTO TRANSACTIONS
The digital economy is growing rapidly in developing countries but faces complex regulatory challenges across three key pillars: consumer protection, taxation of digital platforms, and legal certainty regarding crypto transactions. This study employs a literature review methodology. The findings indicate that only a few countries have specific consumer protection regulations for digital financial services, Indonesia’s digital economy tax revenue reached Rp31.05 trillion by November 2024, and legal uncertainty surrounding crypto creates a high-risk environment for retail investors. In conclusion, developing countries require a holistic approach that updates consumer protection laws for digital transactions, establishes online dispute resolution (ODR) mechanisms, integrates technology into tax systems, enhances consumer digital literacy, and facilitates regional regulatory harmonisation within ASEAN as well as the OECD’s global digital tax framework. Indonesia emerges as a progressive case study with regulatory reforms treating crypto as an investment commodity and a tax rate increased to 0.21%, yet cross-border implementation challenges and weak digital literacy remain major obstacles to the sustainability of an inclusive and secure digital economy.