INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FINANCIAL ECONOMICS
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FINANCIAL ECONOMICS (IJEFE) E-ISSN 3063-3648 is a scientific journal that publishes articles in the field of Business and finance that contain conceptual ideas in the fields of Economics, Accounting, Management, Business and finance. The scope is Human Resource Management, Marketing Management, Financial Management, Production/Operational Management, Strategic Management, Islamic Business Management, Halal Industry Management, Hajj and Umrah Management, Zakat and Waqf Management / Islamic Philanthropy, Tourism Management, Banking Management, Industrial Management, Agribusiness Management, Business Administration and financial management within the scope of organisations both banking, hospitality, and others. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FINANCIAL ECONOMICS (IJEFE) is published once a month and serves as a peer-reviewed journal specialising in field research and literature reviews related to Economics, Accounting, Management, business and finance. All submitted articles will be reviewed by the Editor, editorial board, and blind reviewers. Submissions that violate formatting or length guidelines will be rejected without review
IMPLEMENTATION OF THE TOURISM CODE OF ETHICS IN THE CANGGU TOURISM AREA TO SUPPORT SUSTAINABLE TOURISM PROGRAMS IN BADUNG REGENCY
This study examines the implementation of the Tourism Code of Ethics in the Canggu tourism area to support sustainable tourism in Badung Regency. It addresses three main issues: (1) the types of tourism codes of ethics applied, (2) the strategies used in their implementation, and (3) the implications of these practices for sustainable tourism. The study also evaluates how the code of ethics regulates interactions among tourists, tourism industry actors, and local communities, as well as its contribution to mitigating negative impacts such as environmental degradation, cultural disruption, and social imbalance, particularly in the context of overtourism. This research employs a qualitative descriptive method, with data collected through field observations, stakeholder interviews, and literature review. The data were analyzed to assess the effectiveness of ethical practices in supporting sustainable tourism. The findings reveal that: (1) the implementation of tourism codes of ethics, including waste separation, use of local products, and respect for local customs, promotes responsible behavior among tourists and industry actors, helping maintain environmental and cultural balance; (2) collaborative strategies developed through regular interactions among village governments, accommodation providers, MSMEs, and customary communities effectively reduce social conflicts, strengthen the local economy, and enhance cultural awareness among tourists; and (3) active community involvement in tourism activities, such as traditional cooking classes, cultural performances, and local guiding, increases community income, fosters cultural pride, strengthens host-guest relationships, and functions as an educational medium for visitors.
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WHISTLEBLOWING SYSTEMS AND AUDIT EFFECTIVENESS IN PUBLIC SECTOR GOVERNANCE
This study aims to analyze the role of whistleblowing systems in improving audit effectiveness in public sector governance through a literature review approach. The method used is a literature review, reviewing various scientific sources such as journals, academic books, and institutional reports relevant to the topic. The results of the study indicate that the implementation of effective whistleblowing systems can strengthen the oversight function by providing a secure, anonymous, and reliable channel for reporting violations. This system contributes to early fraud detection, increased transparency, and fostered accountability within public sector organizations. Furthermore, audit effectiveness is also influenced by supporting factors such as whistleblower protection, an ethical organizational culture, and management commitment to follow-up on reports. Therefore, optimal integration of whistleblowing systems can be a strategic instrument in strengthening audit quality and realizing good governance.
CLIMATE RISK AUDITING IN PUBLIC SECTOR FINANCE: A NEW PARADIGM FOR ACCOUNTABILITY
Climate change has become a systemic risk with a significant impact on the financial stability of the public sector, necessitating a new approach to audit practice to ensure more comprehensive accountability. This study aims to examine the concept of climate risk auditing as a new paradigm in public sector financial auditing using a literature review method. The study analyzes various scientific sources, international institutional reports, and relevant regulations to identify developments, challenges, and implications for implementing climate risk audits. The results indicate that integrating climate risk into the audit process not only broadens the scope of traditional audits but also encourages increased transparency, disclosure of non-financial risks, and strengthened public sector governance. Furthermore, auditors are required to possess new competencies that include an understanding of sustainability issues, environmental risk analysis, and the use of technology-based data. This study also found that there are still limitations in audit standards that specifically address climate risk, necessitating the development of an audit framework that is adaptive and responsive to the dynamics of climate change. Thus, climate risk auditing is a crucial element in strengthening public accountability and supporting sustainable decision-making in the public sector.
BLOCKCHAIN AND THE EVOLUTION OF ACCOUNTING PROFESSION: SKILLS, ROLES, AND ETHICAL IMPLICATIONS
The development of blockchain technology has brought significant changes to the practice and profession of accounting, particularly in terms of transparency, security, and efficiency in recording financial transactions. This study aims to analyze how blockchain influences the evolution of the accounting profession in terms of required skills, the professional role of accountants, and emerging ethical implications. The method used is a literature review, examining various scientific sources, including international journals, academic books, and research reports relevant to the topic of blockchain and accounting. The study results indicate that blockchain adoption is driving the transformation of accountants' skills from conventional to technology-based competencies, such as understanding distributed systems, data analysis, and digital-based auditing. Furthermore, the role of accountants is shifting from transaction recorders to strategic analysts and business advisors. Furthermore, blockchain implementation also raises ethical implications, such as issues of data privacy, professional responsibility, and the need for clear regulatory standards. Therefore, the accounting profession is required to proactively adapt to technological developments to maintain relevance and integrity in an increasingly digital business environment.
DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION AND ITS IMPACT ON PUBLIC SECTOR ACCOUNTING QUALITY IN DEVELOPING ECONOMIES
This study aims to analyze the impact of digital transformation on the quality of public sector accounting in developing economies using a literature review approach. The research systematically examines and synthesizes relevant academic articles, policy reports, and prior studies published in recent years to understand the relationship between digital technology adoption and improvements in accounting practices. Digital transformation, characterized by the integration of technologies such as cloud computing, big data analytics, and e-government systems, has played a significant role in enhancing the efficiency, transparency, and accountability of public financial management. The findings of this study indicate that the implementation of digital systems contributes to higher accounting quality through improved data accuracy, real-time reporting, and better internal control mechanisms. However, the study also identifies several challenges, including technological disparities, limited human resource competencies, and institutional constraints that may limit the effectiveness of digital transformation initiatives. Therefore, strengthening digital infrastructure, improving technical skills, and establishing supportive regulatory frameworks are essential to optimize the benefits of digital transformation in the public sector. This study provides valuable insights for policymakers and researchers in advancing the quality of public sector accounting in developing countries.
THE ROLE OF BRAND AWARENESS IN MEDIATING THE EFFECT OF ELECTRONIC WORD OF MOUTH ON PURCHASE DECISION(A Case Study of The Originote Products in Gianyar Regency)
One of the rapidly growing industries is the personal care and beauty sector, with various facial care brands emerging with different innovations and benefits to attract consumer interest and intention to use their products. Due to the high public interest in self-care and beauty, competition among skincare brands has become increasingly intense. One of the beauty brands in Indonesia that is currently gaining popularity among consumers from various segments is The Originote. In early 2024, The Originote experienced a decline in sales, indicating a decrease in customers’ repurchase intention and low public brand awareness of The Originote, which in turn affects purchase decisions. Purchase decision is a process in which consumers begin by recognizing a problem and proceed to making a final decision to purchase a product. This study aims to analyze the role of brand awareness and electronic word of mouth on purchase decision. The sample consisted of 30 users of The Originote products who had purchased the product at least once within a month. The research was conducted in Gianyar Regency. The method used was a survey with a questionnaire technique, analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The results show that Electronic Word of Mouth has a positive and significant effect on Purchase Decision, but does not have a significant effect on Brand Awareness. Meanwhile, Brand Awareness has a positive and significant effect on Purchase Decision, but cannot mediate the effect of Electronic Word of Mouth on Purchase Decision. These findings are expected to serve as a reference for future research and provide practical implications, suggesting that The Originote should expand its marketing reach to increase broader brand recognition.
THE INFLUENCE OF PRODUCT INNOVATION, SOCIAL MEDIA MARKETING, AND LOCATION ON PURCHASE DECISIONS AT TEH POCI GANA(A Case Study of Teh Poci Gana in Bantul, Yogyakarta)
The background of this study is based on the phenomenon of a significant decline in the sales turnover of Teh Poci Gana due to intense competition from similar businesses within its operational area. This study aims to examine and explain the influence of product innovation, social media marketing, and location on purchase decisions at Teh Poci Gana. The research was conducted at Teh Poci Gana located in Dusun Ngebel, Tamantirto, Bantul Regency, Yogyakarta. This study employs a quantitative approach with an associative research design. The population consists of all consumers who have previously purchased products from Teh Poci Gana. The sampling technique used was purposive sampling, involving 200 respondents. Data were collected through questionnaires and analyzed using multiple linear regression analysis, classical assumption tests, and hypothesis testing (t-test and F-test) with the assistance of SPSS version 25. The results show that: (1) product innovation has a positive and significant effect on purchase decisions, indicating that better product innovation leads to higher consumer purchase decisions; (2) social media marketing has a positive and significant effect on purchase decisions, suggesting that effective promotion through social media can increase purchase decisions; and (3) location has a positive and significant effect on purchase decisions, where ease of access and visibility significantly contribute to consumers’ purchasing decisions. Simultaneously, these three independent variables have a significant effect on purchase decisions, with a contribution of 23.3%.
THE EVOLUTION OF CONTRACT LAW IN THE DIGITAL AGE: THE CHALLENGES OF ELECTRONIC CONTRACTS, VIRTUAL BREACHES OF CONTRACT, AND CONSUMER PROTECTION IN THE PLATFORM ECONOMY
The digital era has triggered a significant evolution in Indonesian contract law, shifting the paradigm of the Civil Code from conventional obligations based on physical documents towards dynamic electronic contracts through the recognition of the Information and Electronic Transactions Act No. 11 of 2008, as amended by Act No. 1 of 2024, where this transformation faces challenges regarding the authentication of digital signatures, the proof of transaction data integrity, and the role of e-commerce platforms as subjects of multilateral contractual liability within a platform economy valued at Rp 500 trillion by 2025. This normative-legal study analyses the dynamics of virtual breach of contract in the form of non-delivery of goods, algorithmic system errors, and the manipulation of fake reviews—which are subject to Articles 1234–1246 of the Civil Code but require digital forensics to establish causality—as well as the evaluation of the effectiveness of consumer protection under the Consumer Protection Act No. 8 of 1999 and the Personal Data Protection Act No. 27 of 2022 against information asymmetry and misleading practices on marketplaces such as Shopee and Tokopedia. The analysis reveals a regulatory gap between the static norms of the Civil Code and the dynamics of blockchain smart contracts and the gig economy, where adaptive solutions include integrated Online Dispute Resolution (ODR), automatic escrow payments, and joint and several liability of platforms and sellers to mitigate virtual breach of contract, whilst reform recommendations include a dedicated digital contracts law, strengthening the BPSK for e-commerce mediation, and consumer legal literacy to realise a fair transaction ecosystem in line with the ASEAN Digital Economy 2030 vision.
THE DYNAMICS OF INDUSTRIAL AND TRADE LAW IN THE DIGITAL ECONOMY ERA: COMPETITION REGULATION, CONSUMER PROTECTION, AND THE TRANSFORMATION OF THE NATIONAL INDUSTRY
The digital economy has transformed the legal landscape of industry and trade in Indonesia, necessitating the adaptation of competition law, consumer protection regulations, and the transformation of national industries. This study analyses two key aspects: firstly, the effectiveness of Law No. 5 of 1999 on Competition and Law No. 8 of 1999 on Consumer Protection in addressing the dominance of digital platforms, predatory pricing, and the risk of data breaches; second, the role of Making Indonesia 4.0, the Job Creation Law, and the Government’s Digital Master Plan 2025–2045 as catalysts for the transformation of manufacturing towards Industry 4.0. Using a legal-normative literature review approach, it was found that the KPPU is actively addressing digital monopolies (the Google Play Billing System case), but regulatory revisions are required regarding algorithmic discrimination and the gig economy. Industrial transformation faces the digital divide and the need for harmonisation with the ASEAN Digital Economy Framework. The conclusion emphasises the need for holistic economic legislation that balances innovation, healthy competition, and inclusivity towards Indonesia Emas 2045.
REFORM OF MINING AND ENERGY LAW IN INDONESIA: THE CHALLENGES OF THE TRANSITION TO GREEN ENERGY AND ECOLOGICAL JUSTICE
Economic and legal reforms in Indonesia’s mining and energy sectors, introduced through the Mining and Energy Law No. 2 of 2025, establish a progressive framework that supports mineral downstreaming, equal opportunities for state-owned enterprises and SMEs, and alignment with the 2025 National Energy Policy (KEN) to ensure energy security. However, the transition to green energy faces multiple challenges: resistance from the fossil fuel industry, a revision of renewable energy targets from 23% to 17–19%, deforestation caused by nickel mine expansion, and social inequality resulting from the closure of coal-fired power plants, which threatens workers in producing regions. Ecological justice—as a constitutional right to a healthy environment (1945 Constitution, Article 28H)—demands a Just Transition framework akin to the JETP, the integration of ESG principles, and regulatory harmonisation to balance economic, social, and environmental considerations. This systematic legal literature review concludes that holistic reform is necessary for Indonesia to achieve Net Zero Emissions by 2060 in a fair and sustainable manner, with recommendations for harmonising the Mining Law and the Job Creation Law, as well as strengthening the participation of indigenous communities.
THE EFFECT OF BURNOUT ON JOB SATISFACTION MEDIATED BY WORK LIFE BALANCE AT BANK PEREKONOMIAN RAKYAT GIANYAR PARTHASEDANA
Burnout is a condition of physical and emotional exhaustion experienced by employees due to prolonged work pressure and has the potential to reduce job satisfaction. In the context of banking organizations, high job demands, excessive workloads, and limited time between work and personal life are factors that may trigger burnout. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the effect of burnout on job satisfaction with work–life balance as a mediating variable among employees of Bank Perekonomian Rakyat Gianyar Parthasedana. This study employed a quantitative approach with an associative research design. The survey method was conducted by distributing questionnaires to all permanent employees of BPR Parthasedana, totaling forty respondents; therefore, the sampling technique used was the census method. Data were analyzed using path analysis to examine both direct and indirect relationships between variables, and the Sobel test was applied to assess the mediating role of work–life balance. Prior to the analysis, classical assumption tests were conducted, including normality, multicollinearity, and heteroscedasticity tests. The results indicate that burnout has a negative and significant effect on job satisfaction. Burnout also has a significant negative effect on work–life balance, while work–life balance has a significant positive effect on job satisfaction. The Sobel test results demonstrate that work–life balance mediates the relationship between burnout and job satisfaction. These findings suggest that higher levels of burnout experienced by employees reduce work–life balance and consequently lead to lower job satisfaction. Practically, this study provides insights for the management of BPR Parthasedana to pay greater attention to employees’ work–life balance as an effort to reduce burnout and sustainably improve job satisfaction. The findings are expected to serve as a basis for developing effective and sustainable human resource policies.
THE COMMAND ECONOMY IN THE DIGITAL AGE OF 2026: HOW AUTHORITARIAN STATES ADAPT TO AI AND GLOBAL SANCTIONS
This article analyses the evolution of the command economy system in the digital era of 2026, focusing on the adaptation of authoritarian states to artificial intelligence (AI) and global sanctions. Through a qualitative-descriptive approach based on library research, the study identifies how AI transforms traditional centralised planning into an adaptive model that utilises real-time data, algorithmic predictions, and digital sovereignty to overcome the limitations of classical information systems. Case studies of China (dual circulation, e-CNY) and Russia (alternative payment systems) demonstrate the application of AI in logistics optimisation, CBDCs for sanctions evasion, and microeconomic surveillance that strengthens resilience against Western pressure. Findings from this research reveal the paradox of techno-authoritarianism: whilst technically efficient, these models face risks of brain drain, fragmentation of global innovation, and cyber vulnerabilities that could undermine long-term sustainability. Geopolitically, AI-driven command economies contribute to a digital multi-polar world, eroding the effectiveness of traditional sanctions and challenging liberal economic hegemony. The article concludes that this adaptation is not merely a matter of survival, but an offensive strategy demanding a global response in the form of AI regulation and international technology governance dialogue to maintain a balance between economic efficiency and democratic values.
ECONOMIC CIVIL LAW: CONSUMER PROTECTION IN DIGITAL TRANSACTIONS AND NEW LEGAL CHALLENGES
This study analyses consumer protection in digital transactions through the lens of Indonesian economic civil law, focusing on the effectiveness of the synergy between Law No. 8 of 1999 on Consumer Protection (UUPK), the Law on Information and Electronic Transactions (UU ITE), Government Regulation No. 71 of 2019 on the Operation of Electronic Systems and Transactions (PP PSTE), and Law No. 27 of 2022 on Personal Data Protection (UU PDP) in addressing e-commerce disputes, marketplace liability, and personal data management, which have proven effective in theory but face implementation challenges due to low consumer literacy and a surge in complaints; simultaneously, new legal challenges such as cross-jurisdictional transactions, AI algorithmic liability, regulatory inconsistencies, and the limitations of the Civil Code regarding smart contracts demand progressive reforms in the form of digital civil codification, Online Dispute Resolution (ODR), and AI liability regulations to foster a fair and adaptive digital transaction ecosystem.
CIVIL CONTRACTS IN THE DIGITAL ECONOMY: A LEGAL ANALYSIS OF ELECTRONIC CONTRACTS AND THE PROTECTION OF THE WEAKER PARTY
This article analyses the legal existence of civil contracts in Indonesia’s digital economy, focusing on the validity of electronic contracts under Article 1320 of the Civil Code and the ITE Law, as well as mechanisms to protect vulnerable parties such as consumers and SMEs from onerous standard clauses through the principle of good faith and the Consumer Protection Law. A normative legal approach is employed to compare domestic regulations such as Government Regulation No. 71 of 2019 with international UNCITRAL standards, identifying challenges regarding digital consent, electronic evidence, and online disputes. The results indicate that electronic contracts are formally valid but require adaptive reform based on ODR and amendments to the Consumer Protection Act to ensure substantive justice amidst digital transactions worth Rp318 trillion (2025). Recommendations include a specific law on digital contracts and the strengthening of the Digital Dispute Resolution Body (BPSK).
AGREEMENT-BASED ECONOMIC CONTRACTS: A REVIEW OF CIVIL LAW LITERATURE ON SALES CONTRACTS, MONEY LENDING, AND LEASING IN THE DIGITAL AGE
The digital era has revolutionised agreement-based economic contracts in Indonesian civil law, transforming conventional sales contracts into e-commerce, money lending into fintech lending, and leasing into PropTech. This normative legal literature review analyses the validity of these three contracts according to Article 1320 of the Civil Code, which requires consensus, competence, a specific object, and a lawful cause, supported by the recognition of electronic contracts by Law No. 1 of 2024 on Information and Electronic Transactions. The main findings show that although the principles of consensualism and freedom of contract remain relevant, the challenges of digital evidence, consumer protection, and cross-platform jurisdiction require a reconceptualisation of colonial-era civil norms to be adaptive to the Rp155 trillion digital economy in 2026. This study identifies regulatory gaps between the Civil Code and the dynamics of smart contracts, blockchain, and P2P platforms, where the effectiveness of consumer protection remains weak due to rampant default and illegal collection. Comparative analysis confirms the need for legislative reform through the addition of a chapter on digital contracts, national smart contract regulations, and ODR integration to create legal certainty that is both pro-innovation and pro-consumer. This study contributes theoretically to the development of civil law and practically to policymakers in supporting Indonesia Emas 2045.
PROPERTY LAW IN MODERN ECONOMIC TRANSACTIONS: A LITERATURE REVIEW OF OWNERSHIP RIGHTS, PLEDGES, AND MORTGAGES ON MOVABLE AND IMMOVABLE PROPERTY
Property law in the Civil Code plays a central role in modern economic transactions in Indonesia, particularly through ownership rights (Article 570), pledges (Articles 1150-1161), and mortgages (Articles 1162-1197) on movable and immovable property. A systematic literature analysis of primary sources such as the Civil Code, the Security Rights Act, and the Fiduciary Act, as well as secondary sources such as books and journals, reveals the super-priority of pledges/mortgages over special rights (Article 1134 paragraph 2), which remains strong in the era of fintech and e-commerce. Successful adaptations include Pegadaian's digital pawn, fractional NFT mortgages, and EV leasing fiduciary, increasing MSME credit access by 35%, despite challenges such as inconsistencies in BPN-Kemenkumham registration, over-collateralisation, and crypto regulatory gaps triggering priority overlaps and bankruptcy disputes. Reforms via the National Collateral Registry (RUU Cipta Kerja 2.0/2026), AI notary, and the Digital Property Bill are recommended for 70% efficiency and a potential 2% GDP boost, harmonising sharia and conventional systems for inclusive legal certainty.
CO-BRANDING PARTNERSHIPS IN THE DIGITAL LANDSCAPE: DRIVING CONSUMER VALUE CREATION AND TRUST
The rapid development of digital technologies has transformed the way companies design marketing strategies and build relationships with consumers. One of the emerging strategies widely adopted in the digital economy is co-branding partnerships, where two or more brands collaborate to create products, services, or experiences that combine their respective strengths. This study aims to examine the role of co-branding partnerships in the digital landscape in driving consumer value creation and consumer trust. The research employs a qualitative approach using library research, which analyzes relevant academic literature obtained from reputable databases such as Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. Through thematic and conceptual analysis, this study synthesizes prior research on co-branding strategies, digital marketing ecosystems, consumer value creation, and brand trust. The findings indicate that co-branding partnerships play a strategic role in enhancing consumer value by combining complementary brand attributes, technological capabilities, and market reach. In digital environments characterized by high consumer interaction and transparency, collaborative branding strategies can increase perceived value, strengthen consumer engagement, and foster stronger trust toward brands. However, the effectiveness of co-branding initiatives largely depends on the compatibility and alignment between collaborating brands. Partnerships that lack strategic congruence may weaken brand credibility and reduce consumer confidence. This study contributes to the marketing literature by integrating co-branding partnerships, consumer value creation, and consumer trust within a digital marketing framework. Practically, the study offers insights for firms seeking to design effective brand collaboration strategies that enhance consumer trust and sustainable competitive advantage in the digital marketplace.
THE INFLUENCE OF CUSTOMER SATISFACTION, BRAND IMAGE, AND SOCIAL MEDIA MARKETING ON REPURCHASE INTENTION(A STUDY OF SOMETHINC COSMETIC PRODUCT CONSUMERS IN DENPASAR CITY)
The high level of mobility in Denpasar City encourages people to maintain an attractive appearance. Cosmetics serve as a means to enhance personal appearance, thereby intensifying business competition among cosmetic companies in attracting consumers. Somethinc is one of the local brands that has successfully entered Indonesia’s Top 10 beauty brands; however, over the past three years, it has not yet reached the Top 3. Based on a preliminary survey of 40 respondents, most participants indicated a lack of repurchase intention toward Somethinc cosmetic products. This study aims to examine repurchase intention as influenced by customer satisfaction, brand image, and social media marketing. A total of 170 respondents were selected using non-probability sampling with a purposive sampling technique. Data were collected through online and offline questionnaires distributed to residents of Denpasar City. The data analysis techniques employed included descriptive and inferential analysis, comprising multiple linear regression, classical assumption tests, F-test, t-test, and coefficient of determination. The results indicate that customer satisfaction and social media marketing have a positive and significant effect on repurchase intention, while brand image shows a positive but insignificant effect. These findings suggest that customer satisfaction, brand image, and social media marketing collectively contribute positively to enhancing repurchase intention for Somethinc products.
THE INFLUENCE OF ORGANIZATIONAL COMMUNICATION ON EMPLOYEE ENGAGEMENT
This study aims to examine the influence of organizational communication on employe engagement thru a literature review approach. Employe engagement has become one of the important factors in improving organizational performance because it is related to the emotional, cognitive, and behavioral involvement of employes with their work and the organization. Organizational communication serves as the main tool in building trust, transparency, and effective working relationships between leaders and employes. The research method used is a literature review by analyzing various reputable national and international journal articles relevant to the research topic. Data analysis was conducted using a thematic analysis approach and literature synthesis to identify patterns of relationships between organizational communication and employe engagement. The study results show that organizational communication has a significant impact on employe engagement thru several key mechanisms, namely increased job satisfaction, communicative leadership, and the creation of a positive communication environment. Open, transparent, and two-way communication has proven to enhance employes' sense of appreciation, trust, and work motivation. Additionally, the quality of internal communication, which includes clarity of task information, feedback provision, and supportive communication, becomes an important determinant in building employe engagement. Theoretically, this research reinforces the role of organizational communication from the perspective of organizational behavior and human resource management. Practically, the research findings provide implications for organizations to develop effective internal communication strategies to sustainably enhance employe engagement.
THE INFLUENCE OF MODERN HRM PRACTICES, PERFORMANCE-BASED WORK INCENTIVES, AND FLEXIBLE WORK MODELS ON EMPLOYEE PERFORMANCE IN THE "NEW WORK" ERA
The New Work era, characterised by digital disruption, hybrid work, and post-pandemic adaptation demands, has forced a paradigm shift in human resource management in Indonesia. Modern HRM practices such as AI-driven recruitment and digital training, performance-based work incentives through transparent gamification, and flexible work models such as flextime-hybrid arrangements synergistically influence multidimensional employee performance (task, contextual, adaptive) with an increase in effectiveness of up to 30-40% based on a synthesis of literature reviews. The research results identify key causal patterns through narrative thematic analysis, showing that High-Performance Work Systems (HPWS) that integrate these three elements mediate through AMO theory and job autonomy, with the strongest effect from work flexibility (β=0.38-0.42) in the context of Indonesia's collectivist culture, which faces challenges of social isolation and work-family conflict. while a significant gap lies in the lack of longitudinal studies on adaptation fatigue and AI-incentive ethics. The findings produce practical recommendations for HR practitioners in Indonesian technology companies and MSMEs to design holistic policies based on technological transparency and national digital infrastructure to increase sustainable productivity and global competitiveness, in line with Sustainable Development Goal 8 on decent work, with theoretical implications in the form of enriching the CMO (Context-Mechanism-Outcome) framework for future HRM research.
THE EFFECT OF PERCEIVED ORGANIZATIONAL SUPPORT ON WORK ENGAGEMENT MEDIATED BY SELF-EFFICACY
This research is motivated by the phenomenon of not yet optimal employee work engagement which can be seen from enthusiasm, dedication and self-confidence in completing work, so organizational support is an important factor to pay attention to. This research aims to analyze the influence of perceived organizational support on work engagement, the influence of perceived organizational support on self-efficacy, the influence of self-efficacy on work engagement, and the role of self-efficacy as a mediating variable. The research uses a quantitative approach with a survey method, where the sample used is all 55 permanent employees using a saturated sampling technique. Data was collected through a Likert scale questionnaire and analyzed using validity tests, reliability tests, descriptive statistics and path analysis. The research results show that perceived organizational support has a positive and significant effect on self-efficacy and work engagement, self-efficacy has a positive and significant effect on work engagement, and is able to mediate the effect of perceived organizational support on work engagement.
INTEGRATION OF LEGAL AND ECONOMIC PERSPECTIVES IN BRANDING STRATEGY: A LITERATURE REVIEW ON FAIR BUSINESS COMPETITION, CONSUMER PROTECTION, AND TRADEMARK PROTECTION
The integration of legal and economic perspectives in branding strategies is important in maintaining a balance between corporate competitiveness, fair business competition, consumer protection, and trademark protection. This literature review examines how legal aspects, such as trademark protection, business competition regulations, and consumer protection, interact with economic aspects, such as brand equity, market efficiency, and brand economic value, in shaping sustainable branding strategies. The results of the study show that effective branding does not only depend on marketing creativity, but also on compliance with the legal framework and the utilisation of economic mechanisms that support healthy competition. The integration of these two perspectives contributes theoretically to the development of economic law and ethical branding practices, while also providing guidance for business actors and policy makers in building a fair, efficient, and innovative market ecosystem.
THE ROLE OF ECONOMIC LAW IN MARKETING AND BRANDING REGULATION: ANALYSIS OF BUSINESS COMPETITION REGULATION, CONSUMER PROTECTION, AND INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS ON MARKET EFFICIENCY
This article analyses the role of economic law in regulating marketing and branding through three main pillars of regulation: business competition, consumer protection, and intellectual property rights. Competition regulation serves to prevent monopolies, cartels, and unfair competition that can reduce market efficiency and harm consumers. Consumer protection ensures fairness, transparency of information, and product safety so that consumers can make rational and efficient purchasing decisions. Meanwhile, intellectual property rights, particularly trademark, copyright, and patent protection, provide the legal basis for brand identity development and product innovation. These three regulations complement each other in creating a competitive, transparent, and fair market, as well as encouraging efficient resource allocation by preventing free-riding practices and increasing consumer confidence in registered and protected brands. This article emphasises that economic law acts as a balance between freedom of enterprise and the public interest in the context of modern marketing and branding.
FROM STATE OWNERSHIP TO MODERN CORPORATIONS: ANALYSIS OF REGULATIONS AND PRINCIPLES OF STATE-OWNED ENTERPRISE GOVERNANCE IN BALANCING DEVELOPMENT FUNCTIONS AND PROFITABILITY IN THE ERA OF ECONOMIC GLOBALISATION
This article analyses the transformation of State-Owned Enterprises (SOEs) from bureaucratic state-owned entities into professional and competitive modern corporations in the era of economic globalisation. The main focus of the study is on the regulations governing the status and role of SOEs, particularly Law No. 19 of 2003 and its amendments, as well as the application of good corporate governance principles in maintaining a balance between national development functions and profit generation. The analysis shows that the separation of functions between the government as owner and SOEs as operators, the professionalisation of management, and the strengthening of supervisory mechanisms are key to overcoming the tensions caused by the dual mandate of SOEs. However, political challenges, policy intervention, and social obligations that are not managed transparently still hinder performance optimisation. This article concludes that SOEs can function as modern state corporations based on public values if regulations, governance, and organisational culture are designed synergistically to maintain a balance between public and market interests.
ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY AND SUSTAINABILITY FROM A NATIONAL LEGAL PERSPECTIVE: A LITERATURE REVIEW ON THE ROLE OF SECTOR REGULATION AND STATE-OWNED ENTERPRISES IN REALISING INCLUSIVE AND SUSTAINABLE GROWTH
This article examines economic efficiency and sustainability from a national legal perspective through a literature review of the role of sector regulation and state-owned enterprises (SOEs) in achieving inclusive and sustainable growth. Sector regulation is seen as a legal instrument to correct market failures, ensure legal certainty, and encourage the application of sustainability and inclusivity principles through environmental, social, and governance standards. On the other hand, SOEs act as development agents that integrate commercial and social functions, support economic stability, and reduce environmental footprints through green economy practices and more transparent sustainability reporting. The results of the study show that sector regulation and SOEs are two main pillars that must be designed in an integrated, accountable manner and based on the principle of equitable efficiency within the framework of economic democracy to achieve inclusive and sustainable growth.
BUILDING IMAGE AND DIFFERENTIATION THROUGH PRODUCT BRANDING: A CONCEPTUAL ANALYSIS OF THE ROLE OF USP AND EXPERIENCE BRANDING
This article conceptually examines the role of Unique Selling Proposition (USP) and experience branding in building image and differentiation through product branding. In the context of increasingly fierce market competition, brands can no longer rely solely on product attributes or price, but need to integrate unique selling points (USP) with a holistic consumer experience (experience branding). Analysis shows that USP functions as a cognitive pillar that highlights the rational differences of a product, thereby strengthening brand image and differentiating it from competitors. On the other hand, experience branding acts as an affective pillar that builds image and differentiation through a series of sensory, emotional, intellectual, and behavioural experiences that are consistent across all touchpoints. The combination of the two creates a more comprehensive, sustainable, and relevant product branding strategy in today's experience-oriented market.
THE EFFECT OF ACCOUNTING INFORMATION SYSTEMS, MANAGEMENT SUPPORT, AND EMPLOYEE TRAINING ON TRANSACTION PROCESS EFFICIENCY
Efficiency in the context of Accounting Information Systems (AIS) is the ability of a system to process financial data (input) into report information (output) at minimal cost, in the fastest time, and with zero error rate. Currently, 24 regional development banks in Indonesia have digital banking services with transaction volume growth reaching 48.2% year-on-year. This study found that the increase in transaction volume related to teller activities could pose risks. The purpose of this study was to obtain empirical evidence of the influence of accounting information systems, management support, and employee training on transaction process efficiency. This study used a quantitative associative approach. The sampling method used in this study was non-probability sampling with census sampling technique. The research location was at the Bali Regional Development Bank (BPD Bali) Main Branch in Denpasar with 54 employee samples who used AIS in their duties. The test results showed that accounting information systems, management support, and employee training had a positive effect on transaction process efficiency. Theoretically, this study reinforces the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) and Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) by proving that accounting information systems, management support, and employee training have a positive effect on transaction process efficiency. Practically, these results recommend that the management of BPD Main Branch Denpasar implement an integrated approach through the optimization of OLIBS features, the allocation of real resources, and continuous training to maximize transaction speed and accuracy.
ANALYSIS OF MARKETING FUNCTIONS IN THE PALM OIL VALUE CHAIN: A LITERATURE REVIEW ON THE ROLE OF PURCHASING, SALES, TRANSPORTATION, STORAGE, FINANCING, RISK INSURANCE, QUALITY STANDARDISATION AND CLASSIFICATION, AND MARKET INFORMATION IN MAINTAINING PRODUCT QUALITY AND VALUE
Palm oil is a strategic commodity that is greatly influenced by the efficiency and integration of marketing functions throughout the value chain. This article examines the role of eight marketing functions—purchasing, sales, transportation, storage, financing, risk insurance, quality standardisation and classification, and market information—in maintaining quality and increasing the value of palm oil products through a systematic literature review. The results of the analysis show that each marketing function has a specific contribution, ranging from determining the quality of initial raw materials, maintaining the physical and chemical integrity of products during distribution, to strengthening differentiation and premium pricing through sustainable standards and certification. The integration of these functions has been proven to increase value chain efficiency, shorten marketing channels, and improve the distribution of added value for farmers and other actors along the chain.
THE DYNAMICS OF PALM OIL REGULATION AND POLICY IN INDONESIA: A LITERATURE REVIEW ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LOCAL REGULATIONS, ENVIRONMENTAL GOVERNANCE, AND SUSTAINABILITY EFFORTS FROM A SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT PERSPECTIVE
This article analyses the dynamics of palm oil regulation and policy in Indonesia through a literature review, focusing on the relationship between local regulations, environmental governance, and sustainability efforts from a sustainable development perspective. The study shows that national regulations, particularly through the Indonesian Sustainable Palm Oil (ISPO) and various environmental instruments, provide an important normative framework, but their effectiveness is highly dependent on how local regulations in provinces and districts/cities translate these norms into plantation and environmental management practices. Regulatory fragmentation between the central and regional governments, weak law enforcement, and uncertainty in the certification process for smallholders often reduce the potential contribution of the palm oil sector to sustainable development. From an environmental governance perspective, efforts towards sustainable palm oil in Indonesia still face significant challenges, particularly in controlling the impact of plantation expansion on deforestation, biodiversity loss, and greenhouse gas emissions. Although there are already waste management policies and the application of circular economy principles, the implementation of these regulations varies at the national and regional levels, depending on institutional capacity, technology availability, and the political will of local governments. On the other hand, multi-stakeholder collaborations, such as the Indonesian Sustainable Palm Oil Communication Forum (FoKSBI) and the National Action Plan for Sustainable Palm Oil (NASPO), show potential for strengthening environmental governance and supporting the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Overall, the relationship between local regulations, environmental governance, and palm oil sustainability efforts shows that this sector can contribute positively to sustainable development if national and local regulations are managed in a harmonious and inclusive manner. Strengthening environmental governance, harmonising regulations between the central and regional governments, and increasing institutional capacity are key to ensuring that palm oil development in Indonesia not only boosts economic growth but also protects the environment and improves community welfare. Thus, the dynamics of palm oil regulations and policies in Indonesia reflect the transformation of sector governance from an expansive approach to a more sustainable and inclusive one.
ENVIRONMENTAL AND SUSTAINABILITY ISSUES IN THE PALM OIL SECTOR: ANALYSIS OF THE IMPACT OF LOCAL REGULATIONS AND GOVERNMENT POLICIES ON ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT, NATURAL RESOURCE CONSERVATION, AND THE SOCIO-ECOLOGICAL SUSTAINABILITY OF LOCAL COMMUNITIES
This study analyses the impact of local regulations and government policies on environmental management, natural resource conservation, and the socio-ecological sustainability of local communities in Indonesia's palm oil sector. Through a review of existing literature, this study reveals that regulatory instruments have great potential to control deforestation, reduce pollution, and protect sensitive ecosystems. However, their implementation is often hampered by overlapping authorities, weak supervision, and a lack of alignment between economic and environmental policies, meaning that environmental management and natural resource conservation are not always achieved optimally. The impact of regulations on the socio-ecological sustainability of local communities is also ambivalent. On the one hand, plasma schemes, CSR, and community dialogue obligations through ISPO can increase income, access to infrastructure, and community participation in resource management. On the other hand, in many areas, regulations actually reinforce inequality, ignore customary rights, and trigger agrarian conflicts, especially in areas that still depend on subsistence and forest ecosystems. The results of the study show that the same regulations can produce very different results depending on the socio-ecological context and the quality of implementation at the local level. Overall, this study concludes that regulations in the palm oil sector have significant potential to promote better environmental management, natural resource conservation, and the socio-ecological sustainability of local communities, but only if they are implemented consistently, inclusively, and based on evidence. Strengthening coordination between levels of government, strengthening the capacity of supervisors, recognising customary rights, and integrating local knowledge are important prerequisites for regulations to not only become a formal instrument, but to truly be able to create a balance between economic growth, environmental protection, and social justice for local communities.