PERLINDUNGAN HUKUM BAGI PASIEN DAN TENAGA MEDIS DALAM INOVASI KESEHATAN DIGITAL: TINJAUAN LITERATUR TERHADAP PERATURAN PERUNDANG-UNDANGAN DI INDONESIA
Keywords:
Legal protection, patients, medical personnel, digital health innovation, telemedicine, legislation, IndonesiaAbstract
Digital transformation in Indonesia's health sector has driven the adoption of innovations such as telemedicine, electronic medical records, and online health applications. These innovations improve service efficiency and access, but also raise challenges related to legal protection for patients and medical personnel. This study aims to analyse the forms of legal protection regulated in various laws and regulations in Indonesia, including the Health Law, the Personal Data Protection Law, and technical regulations from the Ministry of Health. The method used is a literature review with a normative legal approach to regulations and previous research findings. The findings indicate that although various legal instruments have been issued, there are still fragmentation and gaps in the regulations, particularly regarding the protection of patients' personal data and the legal certainty of healthcare professionals' liability in digital healthcare services. Implementation challenges include infrastructure limitations, low digital literacy, and the suboptimal mechanisms for complaints and dispute resolution. Recommendations are aimed at harmonising regulations, strengthening digital literacy, and improving the effectiveness of oversight to create a safe and equitable digital health ecosystem.
References
Annan, A. (2024). Tinjauan Yuridis Perlindungan Data Pribadi pada Sektor Kesehatan Berdasarkan UU No. 27 Tahun 2022. Synergy: Jurnal Ilmiah Multidisiplin, 1(4), 247–254.
Bolderston, A. (2008). Writing an Effective Literature Review. Journal of Medical Imaging and Radiation Sciences, 71–76.
Bonsapia, M. & Jumiran. (2025). Aspek Hukum Telemedicine di Indonesia. The Juris, 9(1), 259–268. https://doi.org/10.56301/juris.v9i1.1636
Dalimunthe, W. (2024). Patient Legal Protection in the Digital Era and Study of Indonesian Telemedicine Regulation. Jurnal Hukum Kesehatan Indonesia, 1(1), 1–10.
Eliyah, E., & Aslan, A. (2025). STAKE’S EVALUATION MODEL: METODE PENELITIAN. Prosiding Seminar Nasional Indonesia, 3(2), Article 2.
Farhan, N. (2023). A Literature Review of Telemedicine in Indonesia: Past, Present, and Future Prospective. Jurnal Administrasi Kesehatan Indonesia, 7(2).
Hani, T. M. (2021). Disharmony in Regulations of Telemedicine Services During the Covid-19 Pandemic in Indonesia. Mimbar, 37(2), 402–409. https://doi.org/10.29313/mimbar.v37i2.7956
Herniwati. (2020). Etika Profesi & Hukum Kesehatan. Widina Bhakti Persada.
Komala Sari, N. N. W. R., & Griadhi, N. M. A. Y. (2024). Analisis Pertanggungjawaban Hukum Penyedia Layanan Kesehatan (Telemedicine) Apabila Terjadi Kerugian Terhadap Pasien. Kertha Semaya, 12(5). https://doi.org/10.24843/KS.2024.v12.i05.p13
Lestari, H. (2020). Hukum Jaminan Kesehatan Nasional. Pustaka Pelajar.
Muhammad, R., & Tafal, F. (2024). Kepastian Hukum pada Layanan Kesehatan Online (Telemedicine) Berbasis Kecerdasan Buatan (AI) di Indonesia. Universitas Andalas.
Nugroho, E. (2024). Legal Responsibility of Health Workers in Telemedicine: An Indonesian Perspective. Jurnal Hukum Dan Kesehatan Indonesia, 5(2).
Nurhayati, R. H. (2025). Legal Protection for Patients in Telemedic Services in Indonesia. Journal of Legal, Public and Humanity, 5(3). https://doi.org/10.38035/jlph.v5i3.1592
Peraturan Menteri Kesehatan RI No. 24 Tahun 2022 tentang Rekam Medis. (2022).
Pramukars, D. T. (2021). Perlindungan Hukum bagi Pasien dalam Telemedicine. Jurnal Cakrawala Informasi, 1(2), 51–56.
Pranoto, S. (2024). Legal Protection for Doctors in Medical Practice Using Telemedicine Platform. International Journal of Law and Society, 4(3). https://doi.org/10.32734/ijls.v4i3.352
Putri, A. (2023). Implementasi Telemedicine di Indonesia: Problematika Hukum dan Perlindungan Data Pasien. Jurnal Hukum & Kesehatan, 8(1).
Raharjo, D. (2023). Have AI-Enhanced Telemedicines in Indonesia Adopted the International Legal Standard of Health Services? Journal of Digital Technologies and Law, 1, 314–336. https://doi.org/10.21202/jdtl.2023.13
Rahayu, D. (2024). Implementation of Informed Consent in Telemedicine Services in Indonesia. Jurnal Medicoeticolegal, 8(1).
Rahma, D., & Supriyadi, H. (2024). Telemedicine Regulation in Indonesia: Legal Frameworks, Challenges, and Future Directions. Journal of Law and Technology, 7(3), 213–230. https://doi.org/10.33560/jmiki.v13i1.795
Rimbun, L. R., Marisi, E. L. D. D., & Hidayati, T. (2024). Tantangan Keamanan Data dalam Telemedicine: Implikasi terhadap Privasi Pasien dan Kepercayaan dalam Layanan Kesehatan Digital: Systematic Review. Malahayati Health Student Journal, 4(10).
Risdawati, I. (2024). Keabsahan dan Regulasi Telemedicine dalam Hukum Indonesia. Juris Sinergi Journal, 1(1), 21–29. https://doi.org/10.70321/jsj.v1i1.9
Sulaiman, R. (2023). Harmonisasi Pelaksanaan Peraturan Perundang-undangan dalam Layanan Telemedicine di Indonesia. Jurnal Cakrawala Mandalika, 4(1).
Syarifuddin, A. (2024). Indonesian Telemedicine: Between Hope and Legal Challenges. Indonesian Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, 5(3), 1249–1258. https://doi.org/10.33367/ijhass.v5i3.5936
Tiolince, T. (2023). Indonesian Telemedicine Regulation to Provide Legal Protection for Patient. Journal of Sustainable Development and Regulatory Issues, 1(2), 75–97. https://doi.org/10.53955/jsderi.v1i2.9
Undang-Undang Nomor 27 Tahun 2022 tentang Perlindungan Data Pribadi. (2022).
Wahyudi, B. (2023). Comparative Analysis of Telemedicine Regulations: Indonesia and ASEAN Countries. Yustisia Journal of Law, 13(4). https://doi.org/10.20961/yustisia.v13i4.68796
Yuliana, D. (2021). Tanggung Jawab Penyedia Layanan Kesehatan dalam Era Digitalisasi.
Yusriadi, -. (2025). Digital Transformation of Health Services in Indonesia Through the Utilization of AI, Big Data, and Telemedicine. 5(1), 85–93. https://doi.org/10.62951/icistech.v5i1.270
